Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay Example

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay â€Å"The IOM is an independent, nongovernment organization that gives advice to people in decision-making positions†¦ The opinions of the IOM are highly regarded and carry weight in legislative decision† (Grand Canyon University[GCU], n. d. , para. 6). This paper will explore the impact on nursing of the IOM report, focusing on the topics of education, nursing practice, and the role of the nurse as a leader. In the chapter Transforming Education, the IOM committee identified â€Å"major changes in the U. S. health care system and practice environments will require equally profound changes in the education of nurses both before and after they receive their licenses† (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine; Institute of Medicine [IOM ], 2011, p. 163). IOM recognizes studies that show a correlation between BSN prepared nurses and better patient outcomes. The committee strongly supports advanced education and recommends a goal of increasing the percentage of BSN prepared nurses to 80% by 2020. The report further calls for more advanced practice RNs, more qualified nursing instructors, and more nurse researchers educated at the doctorate level. The report stresses the â€Å"need to establish, maintain, and expand new competencies throughout a nurse’s education and career† (IOM, 2011, p. 164). â€Å"Many of todays new nurses are undereducated to meet practice demands across settings† (http://www. acn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education). Increasing the overall and continuing education of nurses would have a tremendous impact on the advancement of the nursing profession. Nurses could potentially become some of the most educated and diverse members of the health care team. Increasing the diver sity of the student body, as the report recommends, would improve communication and care to minorities. A higher educated workforce would further assist in the transition of nurses from the hospital to community setting that is likely to occur in the future (IOM, 2011, p. 13). The US is currently in a transition from acute care to community based care. With this, a demand is being created to build an already short primary care workforce. The IOM committee recognizes the drastic impact nurses could have in increasing access to primary care. The committee states expanding nurse’s roles could create more efficient and effective healthcare. Their key message is â€Å"nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training† (IOM, 2011, p. 85). IOM supports redesigned roles for nurses. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Development of Nursing Professionals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Development of Nursing Professionals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Development of Nursing Professionals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The report gives specific examples of companies such as the VA, Kaiser Health, and Geisinger, which have utilized nurses in expanded roles, including using more APRN’s as primary care providers. The results have shown great improvements in patient care. The committee supports using nurses in such roles as promoting prevention and wellness, promoting health, and providing education from disease prevention to management of chronic conditions. They recommend nurses assume these roles in collaboration with physicians. With the shift to community acquired care comes a need for better coordination of care and disease management. This role can be filled by RNs, and will create a huge opportunity for RNs to expand their practice. The committee believes nurses need to be more fully utilized in order for the transformation of healthcare to occur. This includes advanced practice RN’s. Many states do not allow advanced practice RNs to practice to the extent of their abilities. Restrictive scope of practice regulations, physician opposition, a fragmented healthcare system, and outdated insurance policies are all obstacles this country must overcome in order for APRNs to practice to the extent of their abilities. The committee recognizes the importance of APRNs to provide the majority of primary care in the US. Increasing the number of providers would make primary care more accessible to the population. If the recommendations of the IOM are followed, nurses could be responsible for the majority of primary care for patients. The IOM has stressed the importance of the nursing role in educating patients on disease prevention, management of chronic conditions, and health promotion. This is a subject in which this author is in firm agreement. While providing patient care, it is clear there is a lack of education regarding disease process and management. Patients frequently feel lost regarding their illness. Education will be very important when the shift from acute to primary care occurs. Education and health promotion are areas in which this author plans to transform and improve in her practice. The IOM committee calls for stronger leadership on the part of nurses. They feel this is critical in order to â€Å"implement the changes necessary to increase quality, access, and value and deliver patient-centered care† (IOM, 2011, p. 251). IOM’s key message regarding leadership of nurses would give them a voice they do not currently have. In order for this to occur, nurses need to change their outlook and become leaders not doers. IOM states â€Å"nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning health care in the United States† (IOM, 2011, p. 221). The committee states nurses must collaborate with physicians and other health care professionals in order to provide better patient care. IOM states the need for nurses to reach out to â€Å"new partners in arenas ranging from business, government, and philanthropy to state and national medical associations to consumer groups† (IOM, 2011, p. 51). If nurses can gain these partners, their voices and ideas would be more widely spread. The committee encourages â€Å"leadership from nurses is needed at every level and across all settings† (IOM, 2011, p. 225). Leadership must begin with the student nurse and continue with bedside nurses, community nurses, CNO’s, nurse researchers, and nursing organizations . If nurses across the field answer this call, they will become involved in policy-making process from the hospital to the political fronts. One can imagine the improvements in healthcare if the individuals who have the most interaction with the patient are also involved in creating policies that protect these same patients. The recommendations of the IOM are achievable. With perseverance, the IOM’s vision of â€Å"a future system that makes quality care accessible to the diverse populations of the United States, intentionally promotes wellness and disease prevention, reliably improves health outcomes, and provides compassionate care across the lifespan† (IOM, 2011, p. ) can be a reality.

The Jacobins essays

The Jacobins essays The Jacobins are the regime that ruled France by terror From early June 1793 until late July 1794. To some they are to be praised, to others they are hated upon and justifiably. Albert Mathiez (1874-1932), depicts Maximilien Robespierre [the leader of the Jacobins] as a hero. But, on the other hand, Alphonse Aulard (1849-1928) suggests that Danton was a martyr. Taking into consideration the commodious deaths that the Jacobins are responsible for it is hard to believe one would praise Robespierre. The Jacobins ruled by terror, others did not belie them for fear of death, those who did, often were guillotined. The Guillotine became a Jacobin trademark; in fact, the way the Jacobins stayed in power as long as they did was by executing the opposition. The Girondins in particular, suffered the guillotine in immeasurable amounts. All that apposed to the Jacobins were subject to fatal consequences. The Jacobins had supreme power and abused it. They are responsible for many deaths, massacres, and assassinations. Whether the Jacobins invited liability for these plotted murders, they were always tied to mass killings. No more than one third of all victims were nobles, clergy, or rich commoners. Just over one third were property owning peasants or lower middle class townsmen, and just under one third from the urban working class. The Jacobins killed indiscriminately The Jacobins became carried away with power and after a short while were out of control, their actions made this clear. Robespierre the proud leader of the Jacobins sent many to their death by Guillotine. The Guillotine however, woul d take Robespierres life by order of the Jacobins. The above facts are all proof of how the Jacobins were a group of terrorists and a source of evil, no better than the worlds current day terrorist groups. The world of politics is much like sports. It is one thing to have a great team, and battle to ...

The Best SAT Online Practice Tests and Questions

The Best SAT Online Practice Tests and Questions SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Good preparation is key to feeling confident and scoring well on the SAT, and the good news is that you have access to tons of SAT study resources right on your laptop or smartphone!There are lots of online SAT practice tests and quizzes available, but it can be tough figuring out which are the best to use. Because of that, we’ve created a guide that compiles all the best online SAT practice materials, from official practice tests to targeted quizzes and websites designed to help you understand tricky concepts the SAT tests. And, best of all, all of these resources are free!After reading this guide, you’ll know which online SAT practice materials to use and the best way to use them to get a top score, so let’s get started! What to Look For in the Best Online SAT Practice Tests There are lots of online SAT practice tests out there, and some of them can be very helpful for your SAT preparation. What are the main benefits of SAT practice online? Convenient to use: You can study any time you have your laptop or phone nearby! Lots of resources available: The internetis endless. Easy access to lots of official resources: Multiple official practice tests (which we discussbelow) are availablefor free online. However, online SAT tests aren’t always a perfect study tool. Below are some of their major drawbacks. Quality can vary widely: Not every site is an amazing SAT resource. We discuss this throughout the guide so you know what to expect. Some materials are out-of-date:The SAT underwent significant revisions in 2016, and not all online practice resources have stayed current.(We make note of where this occurs in the resources we mention in this guide.) Don't provide a completely realistic test-taking experience:You’ll be taking the real SAT with paper and pencil, not on the computer, so there may be differences in how quickly you go through the questions. So, how can you be sure you’re using high-quality online SAT practice tests that will actually help you raise your score? We’ve compiled a list of the best online SAT resources in this guide, and at the end we explain how to get the most out of them. For now, here’s a list of the key factors the best online SAT practice tests have. High-quality practice questions: It's essential to have questions similar in content and wording to the real SAT so you know whatto prepare for. In-depth answer explanations: If you don't understand why you got a question wrong, it can be hard to learn from your mistakes. Similar format to the real SAT: This helps you be better prepared for the SAT come test day. Official Online SAT Practice Tests The bestSAT practice tests online are the official ones, since you can be sure they are an accurate representation of what the real SAT will be like. Up-to-Date SAT Practice Tests (out of 1600) There are currently seven official practice tests for the Redesigned SAT which, as of February 2016, is the current version of the SAT.These are the absolute best tests to use when studying for the SAT since they match the format and content of the exam. They also include good answer explanations to help you understand why you answered certain questions incorrectly. These should be your #1 resource to use when you need to take a full-length practice test. See the final section of this guide for tips on how to best use these tests. Practice Test 1: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 6: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 7: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Older Practice Tests There are also older official SAT practice tests that you can use. These free online SAT practice tests have some differences in format and content compared to the current SAT, and since they are out-of-date in some areas, use these only if you know you’ll use all seven of the current official practice tests and still want more study materials. These tests follow the old 2400 format of the SAT, with separate reading, math, and writing sections. This test had its last administration in January 2016. It’s important to knowthe major changes between the Old and New SAT. Keep these points in mind: The structure and timing of these SAT online practice tests are different than the current SAT. The current SAT has only four sections and doesn't skip around subjects like the old SAT did. The Reading sections in the current and old SATS are quite similar, so in these old SAT tests, the passages and questions are all useful to practice on. Writing in the current version of the SAT tests similar grammar skills, but it's tested in a very different passage-based format. Use these old SAT tests to practice your SAT grammar rules. Math questions are similar in format, but the current SAT emphasizes algebra and de-emphasizes geometry. Use these old SAT tests as math practice, but focus on the skills that the current SAT tests (primarily algebra). Official SAT Practice Test 2013-14 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2012-2013 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2007-2008 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Official SAT Practice Test 2005 Practice Test: College Board Answers: College Board Khan Academy In addition to full-length official practice tests, the College Board has also teamed up with Khan Academy to offer numerous official SAT practice questions and resources.Under its SAT Resources, Khan Academy offers practice quizzes, tests, individual questions, and videos that walk you step-by-step through how to answer different types of questions. You’ll need to set up a free account to access these resources, and your progress will be tracked over time. Khan Academy can be a great resource to use if you’re struggling with understanding how to answer certain SAT questions or want to strengthen some skill areas before you take full-length practice tests. Their videos break concepts down to help you understand exactly how to solve different types of questions you may not know how to answer.You can learn more about these resources by checking out our guide on how to get the most out of Khan Academy’s SAT resources. The Best Unofficial SAT Online Practice Tests Unofficial SAT online practice tests can be a bit riskier to use since there’s no guarantee of quality like there is with official practice tests. Because of this, and because so many people have tried their hand at making practice SAT questions to entice visitors to their web page, the quality of unofficial resources can vary widely, from near-official level of quality to barely related to the real SAT. To make things easier for you, we’ve sorted through the options and found the highest quality unofficial online SAT practice tests. Official materials should still be your main source of SAT practice, but these unofficial resources can be useful if you run out of official practice questions or if you want to focus on a specific topic and not go through an entire practice SAT. Ivy Global Ivy Global has a PDF of a complete practice SAT. It has the same format and question types as the current SAT, which makes it the best unofficial SAT practice onlinesince many otherpractice SATs aren’t as long and don't match the format of the current test. An answer key is also included, but there are no answer explanations. This is a good resource to use after you’ve already completed at least a few official practice tests and are looking for another full-length SAT to take. By then you’ll have a good idea of what high-quality practice tests look like, and you’ll have a better chance of understanding the mistakes you made without needing answer explanations. MajorTests.com This site has 24 Math practice tests, 24 Critical Reading practice tests, 11 Writing practice tests, and a list of the 1000 most important vocab words to know.The quizzes are pretty short (about ten questions) and organized into specific categories. There are also good answer explanations for the questions you answered incorrectly. However, it hasn't been updated to reflect the 2016 SAT revisions, and because the quizzes are so short, you won't practice learning how you handle a long test (like the SAT). Use this resource either when you don’t have enough time to take a full practice test or when you want to focus specifically on improving a certain skill, like problem-solving questions or reading comprehension. The short, targeted quizzes make it easier to focus on a specific topic. CrackedSAT.net This site includes numerous practice quizzes as well as free official practice tests of the old SAT that you can download as pdfs of both practice tests. The online quizzes (organized into categories to make finding the topic you want easier) are automatically graded. For the official practice test pdfs, answer keys are included, but there is no automatic grading, so you’ll need to grade these tests yourself. This is a decent resource if you’d like to take official SATs with pencil and paper (the way you will on test day) and if you’re looking for more short, targeted practice quizzes. Varsity Tutors This site has numerous SAT quizzes, organized into Math, Critical Reading, and Writing categories. However, Varsity Tutors isn’t as high-quality as the other resources listed because the practice questions sometimes aren’t that close to that you’ll see on the actual SATand because the site hasn't been updated to reflect the 2016 changes to the SAT. I’d recommend only using this as a study tool if you’ve already gone through all the above resources and still want some more practice. Other Online SAT Practice Resources The sites below focus more on teaching you the material you need to know for the SAT and how to understand different concepts tested by the exam instead of only including practice questions. These are good resources if you’re trying to strengthen your skill areas before diving into a lot of practice problems. The first two sites haven'tbeen completely updated to reflect the new SAT changes from 2016, so not everything they mention is up-to-date. Keep that in mind if you use them, and we’ve included some notes on each of them to help youuse them more effectively. Erik the Red If you need to brush up on your SAT math skills, this is a helpful site to use. This website lets you download pdfs with math facts, formulas, strategies, and math-related vocab.However, the math resources have remained unchanged since the old SAT, so they don't reflect the recent changes in format, question type, and skills tested. Despite this, the SAT tests many of the same concepts, particularly in algebra, so you can still get a lot from these sites. If you use this site, focus mainly on the algebra resources, and less on geometry, since there will only be a few geometry questions on the SAT. Erica Meltzer's The Critical Reader This site is useful for preparing for the Reading, Writing, and essay sections of the SAT. She doesn't offer a ton of information yet for the current SAT, and some of her SAT Reading tips have been merged with ACT Reading since the tests have become so similar. Still, she has some useful posts and will most likely to continue to add to them over the year. You can explore her blog for more tips on the verbal sections. The posts are engaging, but they leave it up to you to seek out examples and sample questions to try out her advice. PrepScholar Our blog also has a ton of great resources for everything you need to know about preparing for and taking the SAT. Our guides are completely up-to-date with the recent SAT changes, and they cover everything from creating a study plan, setting an SAT score goal, tackling the trickiest questions on the SAT, choosing the best test date, and more.Some of our most popular guides include: What Is a Good SAT Score? How to Get a Perfect SAT Score The Expert Guide to the New SAT Tips for Using Online SAT Practice Materials Now that you know where to find the best online SAT practice tests, follow the three tips below to get the most out of these resources. Take Full-Length Practice Tests Under Realistic Conditions You should aim to take full-length practice tests (especially the up-to-date official ones) in one sitting with accurate timing and realistic testing conditions. This means you’ll need to block out about four hours of time, so be sure to plan ahead for that. Taking practice tests under realistic testing conditions means your practice scores will be more accurate, so you’ll have a better idea of how well you’re scoring, how much you’ve improved, and which areas you still need to work on. Review Your Mistakes After every practice test or quiz you take, you should go through the answers you got wrong and review them until you understand what you did wrong and how to get the correct answer. This can take some time, but taking practice tests will only help you raise your score if you learn from your mistakes, so don’t skip this step! If you’re feeling burned out, take a break between finishing a test and reviewing your answers, but make sure to complete both steps. Alternate Between Different Study Resources There are lots of resources listed in this guide, from full-length practice SATs to short quizzes with only a few questions on a specific topic.Be sure to alternate among the different materials and use the resource that works best for each individual study session. For example, if you’re short on time or not on your A-game for studying, take a quiz or shorter practice test. You should reserve full-length practice tests (especially the official ones) for when you can set aside a few hours at a time and really concentrate on the test. Alternating between different resources can also keep your studying from becoming routine and monotonous and help keep your motivation up. Conclusion There are many SAT online practice materials, such as official practice tests, quizzes focused on specific topics, and sites to help you boost your knowledge of the skills the SAT tests.Using high-quality SAT practice tests onlinecan help prepare you for the SAT and score higher on test day. In order to get the most out of online SAT practice resources, you should follow these three guidelines: Take full-length practice tests under realistic conditions Review your mistakes Alternate between different study resources By getting in a lot of SAT online practice, you can be well-prepared and confident on test day! What's Next? Wondering what a good SAT score is? Learn how to set a score goal based on the schools you want to get into. Thinking about using Khan Academy for SAT prep?Khan Academy can be a great resource if you know how to use it correctly. Read our guide to learn how to make the best use of Khan Academy! Want to learn more about the new SAT? We have a complete guide to the revised SATthat goes over exactly what changed, what stayed the same, and how it affects you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

NOMAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NOMAD - Essay Example NOMAD is a portable has light and uses a 14.4v rechargeable battery to get power. NOMAD is light in weight and reduced size and is designed with an intention for proper operator handing. The beam of the machine is 1.5mm. When using this machine source to skin distance is kept at 20 – 30cm. The peak potential radiographic parameters and anode current are both fixed at60kv and 2.3 MA. The worker can only adjust the irradiation time which can change from 0.01 to 0.99. The NOMAD is a highly advantageous machine as it has the benefit of giving good result with dental imaging. Obtaining post mortem radiograph is an exclusive feature of NOMAD x ray machine. This machine was first used during the disaster of tsunami in Southeast Asia which was manufactured by Aribex. As per ( Cole,2011) â€Å"The NOMAD Pro Handheld X-ray System has revolutionized the way dental x-rays are taken. One lightweight 2.5-kg NOMAD does the work of multiple wall-mounted systems, and can be used with digital sensors, phosphor plates, or traditional film†. This x- ray machine was extremely dependable and effective device. Since the machine is of compact size and uses a batter powered operation is has proved useful in relatively austere environment. NOMAD’s first domestic use was in a DVI morgue by DMORT in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina where in conjunction with the DEXIS digital x- ray sensor. It performed excellently and provided the post mortem dental images with consistent and high quality. At present there are two models of NOMAD, the classic model is the original version of the device. As per ( Senn.2013.pg.183) â€Å" NOMAD x-ray machine weighs approximately eight pounds and is shielded in such a way to essentially eliminate all leakage from the body of the device†. The NOMAD x – ray machine does not have the problem like older x- ray machine where the operator has to stand 6ft from the machine when exposing a radiograph. The

Interpersonal communication report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interpersonal communication report - Essay Example Films require good skills in order to have possibility to deconstruct them, to read their signs, colors and to understand their communication. Understanding of communication is necessary for perceiving the very nature of story line and sense of messages. It is necessary to think independently and thoroughly about film messages and communication. Film communication is able to assist ability of the audience to realize whether information is valid or invalid. Developing film literacy is necessary for people to analyze critically commercials, different television programs and film productions. (DeVito 1995) Communication in films can tell the audience about new ideas and concepts if human behavior and life. For example, in the film "Gone with the wind" Scarlet has strong appeal to women wit her well-known statement "I'll think about it tomorrow". This phrase has become the first commandment for many people in their everyday life. Therefore it is necessary to state that film communication has very strong effect on the audience. This effect can be either positive or negative. Everything depends on the communication skills of heroes and different perception of people. Effective communication skills play the most important role in the film. It is necessary to admit "You've got mail". ... t, gentle and rather unconfident person, because her voice is mostly low, she doesn't use brutal words and words with negative meaning, her statements are affirmative: "Everything will be alright. Our clients will stay with use". Among her communication skills it is necessary to admit the presence of nonverbal communication involving tender smile and gestures. Both main heroes had previous relationships with other man-woman and they didn't express their true and core feelings. They didn't have necessary communication skills and trust in their partners and couldn't make positive changes in those relations. Their communication failed and they turned out to be unable to improve it. (DeVito 1995) It is necessary to define the most effective communication skills in the films and try to define why these skills have been applied in the film. By the example of "You've got mail" it is needed to present what skills are important and what their main purpose is. Communication provides new relationships and friendship, good and warm attitude of friends and relatives. There is no doubt that close relations are created not by mutual influence or efficiency, but by communication skills of each hero. The most important aspects of effective communication is attentive listening, explaining of key points, asking questions, nonverbal communication and actually communication ethics. The combination of all these aspects is the bet for successful communication process, because as it was told by famous writer "communication is the greatest luxury given to people". (DeVito 1995) The main heroes of the film face communication everywhere in the streets, at home, at work, etc. and their communication style completely depends on the current situation: at work their communication was more reserved

Contrasting Macbeths Two Meetings With The Witches :: essays research papers

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth there are two instances in which Macbeth comes into contact with the three witches. These two instances are located in Act 1 Scene 3 and in Act 4 Scene 1. In both scenes Macbeth is informed about his future. However, these two scenes are greatly different from each other in many ways. When Macbeth first meets the witches in Act 1 Scene 3 he doubts that the witches are â€Å"of this earth† and doubts that they are capable of basic abilities such as speech, evidenced by the question, †Speak, if you can, what are you?† In the second confrontation with the witches, Macbeth believes that the witches are real and thinks them to almost be superior. He shows this by attributing the witches with awesome powers when he says to the witches, †Though you untie the winds and let them fight against the churches†, meaning that he believes the witches are capable of manipulation of these natural phenomenon. In addition, he asks Lennox if he had seen the witches leave, showing his belief that the witches are, in fact, real entities that exist in his world. In addition, when Macbeth first meets the witches, he does not believe the prophecies given to him by the witches. This is best said as, â€Å"and to be king stands not within the prospect of belief, no more than to be Cawdor†. This exemplifies Macbeth’s disbelief in the prophecies that he is to become the Thane of Cawdor and the King of Scotland. In the second meeting, however, Macbeth devoutly believes in the predictions of the witches, as the first set has come true. This is evident as Macbeth seeks the witches’ prophecies and also says, â€Å"I conjure you, by that which you profess, howe’er you come to know it, answer me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , showing that he believes the witches regardless of how they know the future. The predictions themselves have great differences. In the first meeting, the witches tell Macbeth three things that will be his rise to power. The three prophecies that forecast Macbeth’s rise are, â€Å"Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!†, â€Å" Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!† , â€Å"All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king here after!† In the second meeting with the witches, however, Macbeth receives three predictions that will lead to his downfall and ultimately his demise. These three prophecies are shown to Macbeth, rather than told to him.

Bridging Deontological and Teleological Ethical Perspectives

Buddhism espouses the concept of â€Å"karma† which refers to the chains of causes and events in the universe (Reichenbach, p. 137). A person who has experienced something good in life is said to have good karma whereas the opposite is true for the person who has experienced something bad. In a way, karma serves as the law of moral causation precisely because moral and immoral acts result to good and bad consequences, respectively. Thus, doing something good can ultimately lead to a morally sound consequence whereas doing something bad can eventually lead to an immoral effect.In any case, the â€Å"something† in â€Å"doing something† can be either right or wrong in itself. Similarly, the â€Å"something† in â€Å"doing something† can also be either right or wrong with respect to its consequences. Taking the Buddhist concept of karma and using it within the context of ethics, the result is an understanding of the connection between karma, deontologi cal and teleological ethics. For the most part, deontological ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with the moral worth of actions.That is, the moral worth of something depends on the rightness or wrongness of the act that causes it. For instance, aborting an unborn fetus in order to save the mother is morally wrong essentially because abortion kills a living being and is, therefore, wrong in the first place. In deontological ethics, the rightness or wrongness of an act is fundamental in determining whether an action is ethical or unethical, which implies that the basis for saying whether an act is moral or immoral is the act itself.Connecting that thought with the Buddhist concept of karma, the totality of all the chains of causes and effects in the world is the summation of all actions that are inherently good or evil regardless of their consequences. As a result, the foundation of the Buddhist concept of karma when viewed from a deontological ethical perspective is the action itself no matter what the consequence may be. While deontological ethics treats actions and their consequences separately when identifying the moral worth of actions, it does not mean however that actions and their consequences are inherently separate.Rather, they remain tied insofar as they remain causes and effects to one another. On the other hand, teleological ethics is primarily concerned with the consequences of actions in determining their moral worth, which is why most teleological ethical theories are also called consequentialist ethical theories. The moral worth of an action can be gauged in terms of the consequences it leads to. For instance, aborting a child may save the mother, thereby making the act of abortion in the specific circumstance morally permissible and ethical at the same time.So long as the consequences are favorable, an action remains moral as far as teleological ethical theory is concerned. With that in mind, the Buddhist concept of karma sits comfortably with teleological ethics. That is because karma involves both causes and effects; no action can be determined as either right or wrong if there is no consideration for the consequences it leads to. Taken as a whole, there is strong reason to believe that karma shares several revealing characteristics with the philosophical formulations of both deontological and teleological ethical theories.In most case, teleological and deontological ethical theories are often placed on extreme poles primarily because each treats the moral worth of action in distinct ways. However, the Buddhist concept of karma can provide a common ground for both ethical theories at least in terms of one thing—the causation of events in the universe. Buddhist Karma and Deontology Immanuel Kant is one of the foremost philosophers who favored deontology throughout his career. Kant once argued that human beings should not be treated as means to an end but as the ends themselves (Sokoloff, p.770). In other wor ds, a person should not use another person as a way for him to achieve his desires. Rather, that person ought to treat the other person with respect and dignity precisely because the welfare of other persons should be at the helm of every human pursuit. That idea closely resembles the â€Å"golden rule† which proposes that a person should act towards other people in the way that he expects himself to be treated by others. Deontological ethics, therefore, prescribes that actions are morally right because of their morally right nature.Given the fact that karma in general is the totality of all causes and effects in the universe, it can also be said as the totality of all the interactions among human beings with other fellow human beings. Although karma is not entirely limited to such an interpretation, it nevertheless accepts the fact that interpersonal interaction—apart from humanity’s interaction with the surrounding environment—can be the respective caus es of certain effects and effects of certain causes.A society can be composed of individuals treating one another as means to an end, as ends themselves or a combination thereof. Take all societies in the world and the picture becomes broader yet clearer. In a way, interpersonal interaction has a substantial role in the general karma of all things. There are countless numbers of individuals from across the world taking part in the activities that occur on a daily basis. Somewhere in North Korea, there may be a person who is morally condemned for constantly threatening neighboring countries through the testing of potentially dangerous nuclear armaments.Somewhere in the United States, a policeman avoids offers of bribe due to the belief that the act of bribing in itself is morally wrong even though the money given can be enough to sustain the officer’s family’s financial needs for another month. Somewhere in Saudi Arabia, a man pays respect to his elders by making them h appy through gifts because he believes that his elders are human beings who deserve all the happiness in the world just like anybody else. These interactions and all the rest happening in the world as we speak comprise a portion of the general karma of things.Performing actions that are inherently ethical or unethical can influence the way in which karma takes places. The favor may be returned or not. Either way, both ethical and unethical actions play a role in the chains of causes and effects in the universe. Buddhist Karma and Teleology The key principle in teleological ethical theory is the idea that an action is morally right or wrong depending on its consequences. One version of that idea is utilitarianism which grants that an action is good if it leads to the greatest benefit of the greatest number (Freeman, p.313). Conversely, a person’s actions or decisions are morally right if it actually promotes the welfare of the wide majority of people involved or concerned in t he situation. On the other hand, an action is wrong if it does the exact opposite, which is either to promote the welfare of the few or to cause harm to the majority. Teleological ethics, therefore, implies that the consequences of an action largely determine its moral worth. In the case of utilitarianism, determining the moral worth of an action is possible if the consequences can be quantified.If teleological ethics depends on the consequences of actions, it will also naturally involve the relationship between the cause and effect of any given circumstance. In effect, good karma can be characterized as karma resulting from the good consequences of an individual’s actions or decisions. On the other hand, bad karma can be characterized as karma resulting from the bad consequences of a person’s acts. In both cases, there is the presumption that there are causes in the same way as there are effects.That presumption underscores the principle that the relationship between causes and effects significantly determines not only the rightness or wrongness of actions but also their good and bad valuations in terms of Buddhist karma. When taken from the broadest perspective of teleological ethics, karma can be seen occurring in almost every part of the globe. A president of a certain first-world country deciding to aid people living in impoverished countries through foreign aid can certainly give good consequences to an immense number of people.In effect, the benefits these people will be receiving through the aid can be said as part of their good karma. On the other hand, the praises from the international community and the appreciation of the people at the receiving end of the foreign aid can also be said as part of the good karma for the president. Another example is when one nation decides to declare war on another distant nation. The results can be devastating, the most significant of which is the possible loss of countless lives.For both sides partici pating in the war, the bad karma can be easily seen not only for the people who lived to witness and experience firsthand the atrocities of the war but also for the generations that will follow. Karma interpreted in the context of teleological ethics can also refer to ordinary events on a smaller scale. A person taking the law into his own hands by murdering another person for vengeance will be jailed. Consequently, the jailing of the murder convict can be said as a form of bad karma. A person gaining a new friend by sharing the table to another stranger in the public library can be said as good karma.At any rate, the consequences of our actions determine our actions’ moral worth, and it is from the relationship between the consequences and the actions where Buddhist karma can be taken from. Deontology’s Karma versus Teleology’s Karma What are the differences between deontology’s karma and teleology’s karma? For the most part, it can be said that b oth deontological and teleological ethics attempt to categorize moral worth of actions, the former in terms of the nature of the actions and the latter in terms of their consequences.Although the difference largely rests on what to use as the basis for the moral worth of an action, the undeniable similarity is that both ethical theories touch the Buddhist concept of karma. At the least, the concept of karma provides the common ground for the ethical theories that are commonly labeled as anti-thesis to one another. Since karma presupposes causes and effects, it must also deal with the relationships that exist between them.On one hand, the relationship can be viewed in terms of the â€Å"cause† determining its own moral worth independently from the â€Å"effect†. On the other hand, the relationship can also be viewed in terms of the â€Å"effect† determining the moral worth of the â€Å"cause†. In both instances, the causes naturally lead to their effects e ven though the basis for identifying their moral worth differs. As Kaufman writes, karma is â€Å"not only about the causes of an effect insomuch as it is not only about the effects of a cause in any given circumstance.Rather, it is about the marriage of the two† (Kaufman, p. 16). This inseparability of the cause from the effect—or vice versa—in terms of Buddhist karma is the reason why it can be said that deontological and teleological ethics are looking at the same coin only focusing on different sides, so to speak. They look at the same relationships although each one concentrates on a distinct angle—deontology on the cause and teleology on the effect. Karma and General Ethics Damien Keown writes that karma â€Å"inevitably concerns a person’s character† (Keown, p.331). That is because a person’s character can influence his actions and decisions as well as the effects of such actions and decisions. In effect, the chains of universa l causes and effects involve the overall moral characters of all people. Karma becomes intertwined, as it does in fact, with the ethical inclinations of individuals. In general, ethics is concerned with the rightness or wrongness of things. It offers a wide array of ethical precepts which people are expected to follow in order to live morally upright lives.Karma, on the other hand, implies a person’s capacity to make his own decisions and, therefore, his capacity to self-determination as opposed to abiding by a predetermined fate. Taken together, ethics provides options for individuals to fully realize the things that they want to achieve. Ethics provides frameworks for people to use in order to make decisions and enact them based on what is morally permissible. Keeping in line with what is morally permissible is said to lead to good karma while deviating from what is moral can lead to bad karma.Deontological and teleological ethics are just two of the ethical doctrines that individuals can follow in order to attain a favorable karma. Although deontological and teleological ethics are both unique to the point that they contradict one another in terms of what to use as basis for determining the moral worth of actions, they also come into terms within the context of the Buddhist karma. They share the common belief in the causation of things; everything happens for a reason. Either the cause in itself is the reason for the act’s moral worth or the effect determines the moral worth of the action.Works Cited Freeman, Samuel. â€Å"Utilitarianism, Deontology, and the Priority of Right. † Philosophy and Public Affairs 23. 4 (1994): 313-49. Kaufman, Whitley R. P. â€Å"Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil. † Philosophy East and West 55. 1 (2005): 15-32. Keown, Damien. â€Å"Karma, Character, and Consequentialism. † The Journal of Religious Ethics 24. 2 (1996): 329-50. Reichenbach, Bruce R. â€Å"Karma, Causation, and Divine Inter vention. † Philosophy East and West 39. 2 (1989): 135-49. Sokoloff, William W. â€Å"Kant and the Paradox of Respect. † American Journal of Political Science 45. 4 (2001): 768-79.